Skip to content

A set of signs used to help identify melanoma. The letters stand for: A=Asymmetry, B=Border, C=Colour, D=Diameter and E=Evolving.

The part of the body between the chest and hips, which contains the stomach, spleen, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, bowel, bladder and kidneys. Also known as the belly.

An operation for rectal cancer. This involves removing the sigmoid colon, rectum and anus, and creating a permanent colostomy.

Inserting needles or probes into the cancer to destroy cancer cells with heat, cold or alcohol.

A type of material that is made from donated animal or human tissue. It is used as a soft tissue substitute.

See schwannoma.

A red, scaly spot on the skin that is a sign of sun damage. Also called a sunspot.

The compound in a medicine that works on the body.

When a person does not receive immediate treatment, but instead has their health monitored regularly, with the option of future treatment if necessary. Sometimes called careful monitoring or watch and wait.

When a person does not receive immediate treatment, but instead has their health monitored regularly, with the option of future treatment if necessary. Also called observation.

Aims to control or cure the cancer.

An ancient technique that is similar to acupuncture. It involves applying pressure to specific points on the body to unblock energy.

A form of traditional Chinese medicine in which fine, sterile needles are inserted into points along energy channels (meridians) in the body to reduce symptoms of ill health.

Sudden loss of ovarian function.

Pain that starts suddenly and may be mild or severe. It lasts for a short time, perhaps only days or weeks.

When a person uses drugs even though they know it can harm them.

A cancer that starts in the mucus-producing (glandular) cells that form part of the lining of internal organs.

Silicone stick-on nipple.

A treatment given after the main treatment to lower the risk that the cancer will come back.

When a child is placed into the permanent care of a person who isn’t their biological parent.

Triangular glands on top of each kidney that make adrenaline and other hormones.

A hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to physical or emotional stress

A written document intended to apply to a point in the future when a person doesn’t have the capacity to make medical treatment decisions. It provides a legal means for a competent adult to appoint a substitute decision-maker or record their preferences for future medical and personal care. May also be called a health direction, an advance health directive or an advance personal plan.

When a person thinks about their future health care and discusses their preferences with their family, friends and health care team. The written record of these wishes may be known
by different names, such as an advance care directive, advanced care plan or “living will”.

Cancer that is unlikely to be cured. In most cases, the cancer has spread to other parts of the body (secondary or metastatic cancer). Treatment can often still control the cancer and manage symptoms.

Action that negatively affects someone’s employment. It is unlawful if the action is taken because an employee has a disability, is caring for someone with a disability or takes paid personal leave.

An unintended and possibly harmful occurrence related to taking a medicine or using a medical device.

Campaigning, speaking out and making recommendations for positive change on behalf of oneself or other people.

A form of exercise that causes heart and breathing rates to rise, and that uses large muscle groups.

The main protein found in the blood. The protein level provides some indication of overall health and nutritional status.

A type of tumour ablation treatment that directs pure alcohol into a tumour to destroy the cancer cells.

A method of realigning posture.

An enzyme in the blood that helps break down proteins.

A university qualified professional who works with others in a health care team to support a person’s medical care. Examples include psychologists, social workers, occupational
therapists, physiotherapists and dietitians.

A process that involves taking stem cells or tissues from one person and giving them to another.

A chemical found in the blood of some people with non-seminoma testicular cancer.

A therapy that is used in place of a conventional treatment, often in the hope that it will provide a cure.

The tiny air sacs in the lungs, where oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide leaves it.

A reduction in the number or quality of red blood cells in the body.

A drug that stops a person feeling pain during a medical procedure. Local and regional anaesthetics numb part of the body; a general anaesthetic causes a temporary loss of consciousness.

A medicine used to relieve pain.

The joining together of two tubes, such as two cut ends of the bowel.

A treatment that blocks the body’s natural hormones that help cancer grow. Also called hormone therapy.

Male sex hormones that produce physical characteristics such as facial hair or a deep voice. The main androgen, testosterone, is produced by the testicles.

Evidence based on personal experience that has not been scientifically tested.

An x-ray image of blood vessels.

Research using animals to check the safety and effectiveness of a treatment before it is tested on humans.

Paid time off work that builds up (accumulates) during employment. Must be applied for before taking.

A surgical procedure to remove cancer in part of the rectum.

Part of the body’s immune system. Antibodies are proteins made by the blood in response to an invader (antigen) in the body.

Grief that occurs before an impending loss, usually of a close friend or family member.

Medicine to help relieve the symptoms of depression.

A drug that helps to control nausea and vomiting.

Any substance that causes the immune system to respond.

The opening at the end of the bowel where solid waste matter normally leaves the body.

Strong feelings of fear, dread, worry or uneasiness. Physical symptoms can include racing heart, shallow or fast breathing, shaking, nausea and agitation.

When blood is removed from the body and passed through a machine to separate a component such as stem cells. The rest of the blood is returned to the body.

See stoma bag.

Thin plastic tubes (catheters) or cylinders that are used to insert a radiation source into the body for brachytherapy.

Coloured rim of tissue around the nipple.

Group of people who receive the same treatment in a randomised trial. Most randomised trials have two arms, but some have three or more arms.

Drugs that help reduce the amount of oestrogen in the body.

The use of essential oils extracted from plants to improve a person’s mood and physical symptoms.

The use of art to help people express their feelings.

Blocking the artery that supplies blood to a tumour.

A naturally occurring silicate mineral that forms long crystallised fibres.

Diseases caused by inhaling asbestos fibres. Includes lung cancer and mesothelioma as well as non-cancerous disorders such as asbestosis, pleural thickening, pleural plaques, pleural
effusion and rounded atelectasis.

A slowly progressing lung disease caused by asbestos in which the lungs are gradually replaced by scar tissue.

The right side of the bowel.

Collection of fluid between the two layers of tissue that line the abdomen and pelvis, making the abdomen swollen and bloated. Also known as peritoneal effusion.

Inhaling food or drink into the lungs when swallowing.

Something you own. It may include financial items such as money, bonds, shares or a bank account, or physical items such as a house, land or a car.

Procedures that help infertile people have a baby.

An abnormal but non-cancerous condition of the cells in the lining of the milk ducts.

A process that involves taking stem cells or bone marrow from a person’s own body and giving them back after high-dose chemotherapy.

The armpit.

Lymph nodes in and around the armpit.

The removal of some lymph nodes in the armpit

Tight cords of tissue running down the inside of the arm. Also known as cording.

A traditional medical system from India. It aims to balance the body’s systems using diet, herbal medicine, massage, meditation and yoga.

The symptoms of fever, night sweats and weight loss.

A type of lymphocyte (white blood cell) that makes antibodies to fight infection.

A gene created when cells don’t divide properly. It leads to an abnormal protein called tyrosine kinase being made.

A measure of a person’s relative weight based on their weight and height.

A non-inherited gene change that can tell cancer cells to multiply.

A gene change that increases the risk of getting breast, ovarian or prostate cancer.

A vaccine against tuberculosis that is also used as an immunotherapy treatment for some bladder cancers.

A diet that includes a wide variety of food to give you the energy, protein, vitamins and minerals you need to stay healthy.

A process for individuals to be legally declared as being unable to pay their debt obligations.

A set of criteria to guide management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Abnormal changes in the cells that line the lower oesophagus. A risk factor for oesophageal adenocarcinoma.

Two small glands on either side of the vagina that produce mucus for lubrication.

One of the three types of cells that make up the top layer of the skin (epidermis).

An oil used in aromatherapy or massage that allows the therapist to work over the skin easily. Also known as carrier oil.

The rate payable to an employee for their ordinary hours of work.

A phase during a study when participants are not receiving any treatments. This is usually at the beginning of a trial before treatment is started.

Scientific research carried out in a laboratory to study tiny components of the body, including cells, compounds and molecules. Sometimes called test tube or laboratory research.

Research into how people’s behaviours affect their chances of getting or recovering from cancer.

The name of a light chain protein found in the urine of some people with myeloma. For these people, urine tests can be used to help diagnose and monitor the disease.

The amount paid by an insurer for an insured service.

Not cancerous or malignant. Benign tumours cannot spread to other parts of the body.

A non-cancerous increase in the size of the prostate.

The state of having experienced the loss of someone important to you.

A chemical found in the blood of some people with either seminoma or non-seminoma testicular cancer.

A protein found in the blood. High levels occur in people with active myeloma.

Human choices or other factors not related to the treatments being tested that might affect a study’s results.

The muscles on the top of the arm between the elbow and the shoulder.

Surgery that removes both breasts.

Surgery that removes both ovaries and fallopian tubes.

A substance produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder. It helps the digestive system break down fats from food.

One of a series of tubes that carries bile from the gall bladder through the liver to the bowel. See also common bile duct.

A dark yellow-brown substance found in bile. If bilirubin builds up in the body, it can cause symptoms of jaundice.

The way the body works internally. Medicines, including drugs, herbs and dietary supplements, affect internal functioning, just as food does.

The removal of a sample of tissue from the body for examination under a microscope to help diagnose a disease.

Drugs that are similar, but not identical, copies of targeted therapy drugs.

A group of drugs that slow down or prevent bone breakdown.

The hollow, muscular organ that stores urine. It is located in the pelvis.

Putting saline (salt water) into the bladder through a catheter to wash out blood and blood clots.

The surgical creation of a new bladder from part of the bowel. The main types of bladder reconstruction are urostomy (ileal conduit), neobladder and continent urinary diversion.

Immature blood cells. Blast cells in the myeloid family are called myeloblasts. Blast cells in the lymphoid family are called lymphoblasts.

A watery body fluid that flows through the circulatory system. Blood comprises plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

A thickened lump of blood.

A test that counts the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in the blood.

The process of transferring donated or stored blood and blood products into the bloodstream.

How you feel about yourself and what you think when you look at yourself.

A range of therapies that involve touching the body or the energy field surrounding the body.

The soft, spongy material inside bones. Bone marrow produces stem cells that become red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

The removal of a small amount of bone marrow liquid (aspirate) with a needle for examination under a microscope.

The removal of a small amount of bone marrow tissue with a needle for examination under a microscope.

The removal of a small piece of bone marrow tissue with a needle for examination under a microscope.

A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen. A small amount of radioactive dye is injected into a vein. It collects in the bones and is detected by a scanning machine.

Cancer that could be removed with surgery if other treatment can shrink the cancer first.

A type of ovarian tumour that is not considered cancerous.

The use of herbs taken by mouth or applied to the body to treat and prevent illness, and to strengthen the body. Also known as herbal medicine.

The long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that is part of the digestive tract. The bowel has two main parts: the small bowel and large bowel.

Cancer of the large bowel; also known as colorectal, colon or rectal cancer.

Defecation. To pass waste matter from the bowels.

When the bowel is blocked and faeces (poo) cannot pass through easily

The process of cleaning out the bowel before a test or scan.

A non-invasive bodywork technique involving light hand movements over the body to release tension.

A type of internal radiation therapy in which sealed radioactive sources are placed inside the body, close to or into the cancer. May be temporary or permanent.

Connects the cerebrum and the spinal cord. Controls life-supporting functions.

The name given to a medicine by the manufacturer. See also generic name.

A brief and often severe pain that occurs even though the person is taking pain medicine regularly.

A registered nurse specially trained to provide information and support to people diagnosed with breast cancer.

The term used by manufacturers for an artificial breast. See breast prosthesis.

The shape of a reconstructed breast.

Swelling caused by too much fluid in the breast tissue.

An artificial breast worn inside a bra or attached to the body with adhesive to re-create the shape of a natural breast. Also called a breast form.

Surgery that rebuilds the breast shape after all or part of the breast is removed.

Reducing the size of the breast using surgery.

A surgeon who performs breast surgery and biopsies; some breast surgeons also perform breast reconstruction and plastic surgery.

Surgery that removes a lump without removing the entire breast. Also called a lumpectomy or wide local excision.

The sensation of shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. Also called dyspnoea.

A description of a melanoma’s thickness in millimetres from the top layer of the skin to its deepest point in the skin.

The smallest airways (tubes) that carry air into the outer part of a lung.

A test that uses a flexible tube with a light and camera to examine the airways and lungs and take tissue samples.

The large airway or tube that carries air into the lung.

A detailed plan that shows how much money you have coming in and how much money you spend during a set time period.

When a doctor bills Medicare directly and accepts the Medicare benefit as full payment.

Repeated, unreasonable behaviour that causes a risk to your health and safety.

Remedies and ways of healing used traditionally by Aboriginal people.

A non-inherited gene change that can tell cancer cells to multiply.

A protein found in the blood that is often higher than normal in people with ovarian cancer.

A set of myeloma-defining events used to help identify people who need treatment. The letters stand for the events: C=calcium elevation; R=renal damage; A=anaemia; B=bone abnormalities. Often combined with the SLiM criteria to form the SLiM–CRAB criteria.

Computerised tomography scan. This scan uses x-rays to create cross-sectional pictures of the body.

A procedure that uses CT to guide the biopsy needle to an area to remove a sample.

Loss of body weight and muscle mass, and weakness.

The pouch at the start of the large bowel that receives waste from the small bowel.

A hormone produced by the thyroid that controls calcium levels in the blood.

A mineral found mainly in the hard part of bones, where it is stored.

Uncontrolled growth of cells that may result in abnormal blood cells or grow into a lump called a tumour. These cells may spread throughout the lymph system or bloodstream to form secondary (metastatic) tumours.

A diagnosis given when doctors find a secondary cancer in the body, but tests don’t show where the cancer first started growing (the primary site).

A person who has finished their active cancer treatment. The doctor has told them that treatment has finished. They are free from any signs of cancer.

Thinking and memory problems that may be experienced after treatment. Also called chemo brain or cancer fog.

A chemical in marijuana that acts on certain cells in the body. The main active ingredient is delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

The dried leave and flowering tops of the cannabis plant. Cannabis contains active chemicals called cannabinoid. Also called marijuana.

A plastic tube inserted into a narrow opening (usually a vein) so that fluids can be introduced or removed.

Having the ability to understand and think things through to make decisions.

A build-up of fibrous or scar tissue around a breast implant, which makes the breast feel firm. It can cause discomfort and pain, and may change the shape of the breast.

A protective layer of scar tissue that may naturally form around a breast implant, which can become thick and tight. This may lead to capsular contracture.

The part of food made of sugar and starches. Main sources include grains such as rice, wheat, corn, barley, rye, oats; starchy vegetables (potato and sweet potato); lentils and peas; and
products made from grains, such as breads, cereals and pasta.

A protein found in the blood of some people with bowel cancer.

A cancer that starts in the tissue cells lining the skin and internal organs of the body.

A cancer in the tissue lining the skin and internal organs of the body.

A person providing unpaid care to someone who needs this assistance because of a disease such as cancer, a disability, mental illness or ageing.

When an employee takes payment for accrued annual leave instead of time off.

An employee who does not have regular or guaranteed hours of work. They are normally paid on an hourly or daily basis, and are not entitled to paid leave or termination notice periods.

A hollow, flexible tube through which fluids can be passed into the body or drained from it.

The basic building blocks of the body. A human is made of billions of cells that perform different functions.

An infection of the skin. It can occur after lymph glands have been removed.

A type of central venous access device used to give direct access to a vein in the chest or neck.

The brain and spinal cord.

A thin plastic tube inserted into a vein. The CVAD gives access to a vein so fluid or chemotherapy can be given, and blood can be taken. Types of CVADs include central lines, Hickman lines, peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) lines, and porta-caths (ports).

The part of the brain responsible for coordinating movement and regulating fear, pleasure, attention and language.

Clear, watery fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

The largest, upper part of the brain. The cerebrum is divided into right and left hemispheres.

A test that checks cells taken from the cervix for human papillomavirus (HPV). Replaced the Pap test.

The lower part of the uterus that connects the uterus to the vagina.

A medical appointment involving tests and scans after treatment has finished. Also known as a follow-up.

The use of drugs that work by helping the immune system to recognise and attack the cancer.

A drug that allows the immune system to pass “checkpoints” set up by the cancer to block the immune system.

Memory and cognitive problems sometimes experienced following cancer treatment, including difficulty concentrating and focusing.

Treatment that combines chemotherapy with radiation therapy. Also known as chemoradiotherapy.

A cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells or slow their growth. May be given alone or in combination with other treatments.

A portable device that delivers a controlled amount of chemotherapy. It is usually attached to a central line. It allows a person to have chemotherapy at home.

The area enclosed by the ribs that includes the lungs (covered by the pleura) and the heart. Also known as the thoracic cavity.

Irregular breathing pattern of loud, deep breaths and long pauses.

A health professional who helps children manage the stress and anxiety of being in hospital through play and other coping strategies.

A scoring system used to measure how well the liver is working based on the level of damage caused by cirrhosis.

The use of herbs originating from Asia to help strengthen vitality, overcome illness and improve patient outcomes.

A threadlike structure found in all body cells (except red blood cells). Chromosomes are made up of strings of proteins called genes.

An illness or disease that is long lasting.

Pain that can range from mild to severe and lasts a long time, usually more than three months. Also known as persistent pain.

A condition in which healthy liver cells are replaced by scar tissue.

A number (1–5) that describes how many layers of skin a melanoma has gone through.

The peak of sexual response. Also known as orgasm.

A research study that tests new approaches to prevention, screening, diagnosis or treatment, to see if they are better than current approaches.

The main sexual pleasure organ for females. It is made up of erectile tissue with rich sensory nerve endings, and becomes erect during arousal.

A list of professional rules that health care providers must follow so that patients receive safe, fair and ethical health care.

An alternative therapy that involves inserting coffee into the anus to open the bowels, cleanse the colon and remove toxins from the body.

A common type of counselling that helps people change how they respond to negative situations or emotions by identifying unhelpful thoughts and behaviours.

Therapies to improve cognitive skills, such as concentration, memory, problem-solving and language skills.

A cap that is connected to a cooling system and worn on the head during chemotherapy to help prevent hair loss.

An operation in which cancerous areas of the colon are cut out and the healthy parts are sewn back together. Colectomies are named for the part removed. They include right and
left hemicolectomies, and sigmoid, subtotal and total colectomies.

Inflammation of the inner lining of the colon and rectum (large bowel).

The main working area of the large bowel, where water is removed from solid waste matter. Its four parts are the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon.

Cancer that develops in the main part of the large bowel, the colon.

An internal pouch surgically created using the lining of the large bowel to increase the capacity of the “new” rectum.

An examination of the large bowel with a camera on a flexible tube (colonoscope), which is passed through the anus.

A surgically created opening (stoma) in the abdomen to the outside of the body. It is made from the colon (part of the large bowel). Also, the operation that creates this stoma.

Examination of the cervix, vulva and vagina from outside the body with a colposcope (a magnifying instrument).

The tube through which bile travels from the liver and gall bladder to the bowel.

A nurse who provides health care to people in their homes and communities, and may coordinate their palliative care. Community nurses usually work for local health services.

Supportive treatments used alongside conventional treatment. They may improve general health, wellbeing and quality of life, and help manage side effects of treatment.

The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment.

When a person feels ‘stuck’ in grief for a prolonged period. They may find it hard to manage the tasks of daily living, seem unable to accept the loss, or struggle with anger about the loss
for a long time. Sometimes occurs after a traumatic death or when the relationship with the person who died was challenging.

Unexpected problems that affect the patient during or after surgery. Most are minor, but some can be serious.

To create an embryo by fertilising an egg.

An informal type of resolution using a mediator or negotiator who communicates between two parties to settle differences and problems. Also called mediation.

The removal of a cone-shaped piece of the cervix for examination under a microscope.

A problem that happens while a baby is still developing in the womb. This may affect how the body looks or functions or both.

When you agree to something.

Difficulty passing a bowel motion regularly or often.

Ability to control urination and bowel movements.

A surgical procedure that uses a piece of bowel to form a pouch to store urine. The urine is emptied through an opening (stoma) on the surface of the abdomen.

Deliberate measures to prevent pregnancy as a result of sexual intercourse (e.g. condoms, the pill).

A substance injected into a vein or taken orally before a scan (such as a CT or MRI scan), which helps make pictures clearer. Also called a contrast medium or dye.

Scientifically proven treatments for cancer, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy and pharmaceutical medicines.

Tight cords of tissue running down the inside of the arm. Also known as axillary web syndrome.

A type of biopsy where a tissue sample is removed with a wide needle for examination under a microscope.

The stomach and lower back muscles that stabilise the body as it moves.

A type of biopsy where a tissue sample is removed with a wide needle.

A band of nerve fibres that transfers information between the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

A process of talking through personal issues with a trained professional to help you explore options and develop strategies.

The surgical removal of part of the nasal cavity or sinuses. Also known as skull base surgery.

An operation to open the skull to access the brain.

A company or institution, such as a bank, building society, department store or car dealer, that offers to lend you money. Also called lender or creditor.

An estimate of a person’s ability to fulfil financial commitments, based on their borrowing and repayment history.

A report that details your credit history and rating, including every time you have applied for credit or not made a repayment on time (defaulted). It is held by a credit reporting agency.

An organisation that collects credit information on individuals and companies.

A person or business you owe money to. May also be known as your lender.

A process that freezes cells, tissue, semen or other substances.

The process of inserting a probe into a tumour to freeze and destroy cancer cells. Also called cryosurgery.

Treatment given with the aim of causing signs and symptoms of cancer to reduce or disappear. Also known as definitive treatment.

The surgical removal of skin cancer using a small, spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge called a curette.

A period of chemotherapy treatment that is repeated on a regular schedule with periods of rest in between.

Surgical removal of part of the bladder (partial cystectomy) or all of the bladder and surrounding lymph nodes (radical cystectomy). In males, the prostate, urethra and seminal vesicles may also be removed. In females, the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, urethra and part of the vagina are often removed.

Inflammation of the bladder lining.

A thin viewing instrument with a light and camera on the end that is inserted into the urethra and advanced into the bladder. The cystoscope may be flexible or rigid.

A procedure that uses a cystoscope, a tube with a light and camera, to examine the vagina, cervix, urethra and bladder.

A test that checks whether cells have an abnormality in their chromosomes.

Surgical removal of a kidney. This may be used when cancer has spread.

A substance (e.g. chemotherapy) that is toxic to cells, so it can kill or slow the growth of cancer cells.

A substance (e.g. chemotherapy) that is toxic to cells, so it can kill or slow the growth of cancer cells.

Money you owe.

When several debts are combined into one, with the aim of reducing repayments. Also known as loan consolidation.

The cancelling of a debt, in whole or in part. Also called debt relief or debt waiver.

A person or business that owes you money.

Surgery to remove as much of a tumour as possible. This makes it easier to treat the cancer that is left and helps to increase the effectiveness of other treatments.

Surgical removal of any tumours from the surface of the lung, chest wall and diaphragm to allow the lung to re-expand.

A deep blood vessel that passes through the abdominal wall to supply blood to the skin and fat of the lower abdomen.

A type of flap reconstruction that uses blood vessels called deep inferior epigastric perforators along with fat and skin but no muscle.

A blood clot in the deep veins of the leg or pelvis, often caused by immobility after surgery or long-distance travel.

Automatic judgement made when you don’t respond to a statement of claim or appear at a court hearing. Without a hearing and without notifying you, the court will order that you must pay the money claimed by the creditor.

When a debt does not need to be repaid until some point in the future.

Reconstructing the breast shape at some time after the initial breast cancer surgery.

A disturbed mental state that can have a range of physical causes and can involve: a lower level of consciousness; memory loss; seeing things that aren’t there; mood swings; and sleep disturbances. It is sometimes experienced near the end of life.

Refusing to accept the truth about something.

A silky, thin sheet of latex used when having protected oral sex.

When stopping a drug causes physical withdrawal symptoms.

Very low mood and loss of interest or enjoyment in life, lasting than two weeks. It can cause both physical and emotional changes.

A doctor who specialises in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of skin conditions, including skin cancer and non-cancerous skin spots.

The lower layer of the two main layers that make up the skin.

The left side of the colon.

A health condition in which blood sugars are not taken up in the body properly because the pancreas does not make enough of the hormone insulin, or the body has become resistant to the effect of insulin.

The identification and naming of a person’s disease.

A dome-like sheet of muscle that divides the chest cavity from the abdomen and is used in breathing.

Opening the bowels very frequently. Motions may be watery.

Nourishment given to increase the nutritional intake of kilojoules/calories (energy), vitamins and minerals.

A university-qualified health professional who supports and educates patients about nutrition and diet during treatment and recovery.

The breakdown of food in the stomach and bowel so the nutrients can be used by the body.

The body system that processes food and drink, absorbs nutrients and disposes of solid waste. Also called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or gut.

An examination in which a doctor slides a gloved finger into the anus to feel for abnormalities in the prostate, rectum or anus.

A type of medical procedure. An object (dilator) is inserted into the oesophagus to stretch the walls and widen the opening.

A procedure that widens (dilates) the cervix, then uses a surgical instrument called a curette to scrape out the endometrium.

When, because of their disability, a person is harassed or treated less favourably than someone without a disability in the same or similar circumstances. Under law, cancer is considered a disability.

When tests show the cancer is increasing and needs treatment. Also known as relapse or recurrence.

Surgery to remove tumours in the tail and body of the pancreas.

Emotional, mental, social or spiritual suffering. Distress may include feelings of vulnerability and sadness, and stronger feelings of grief, depression, anxiety, panic and isolation.

The person who gives blood, tissue or an organ to another person for transplantation.

An egg that is given to another person and used to conceive a baby.

Sperm that is given to another person and used to conceive a baby.

The amount of medicine that a person should take at one time.

Sexual climax without the release of semen from the penis (ejaculation).

An enclosed tube or passage in the body.

When partially digested food moves into the small bowel too quickly, causing symptoms such as cramps and dizziness.

The first section of the small bowel.

Difficulty swallowing.

A mole with an irregular shape and uneven colour.

The medical term for difficulty breathing. Also called breathlessness.

Cancer that has not spread beyond the breast or the axillary lymph nodes.

Chemotherapy given soon after surgery as a single course and delivered directly into the abdomen through a thin tube. May be used after a peritonectomy.

A broad term for therapies that began in Asian countries like China, Japan and India. These therapies are generally not based on scientific evidence but have been used for centuries.

The outer surface of the part of the cervix that opens into the vagina.

The collection of eggs through the vagina, using ultrasound guidance.

When semen passes through the urethra and out of the penis during orgasm.

A technique that uses heat to stop bleeding after curettage. Also called cautery.

Applying mild electric currents to the body to stimulate nerves and reduce pain, e.g. transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS).

A procedure to cut off the blood supply to a cancer by blocking the blood vessels.

The earliest stage of development after the egg is fertilised by sperm.

A document that provides direction and instructions to allow someone else to provide the care that you would usually provide.

A non-cancerous condition in which the alveoli of the lungs are enlarged and damaged, usually due to smoking. It reduces the lung surface, causing breathing difficulties.

Removing organs as a whole.

Health care provided in the final days and hours of life.

An end-of-life doula works with other professionals, family and friends in a non-medical role providing services in home, palliative care unit, hospital and aged care settings. They provide emotional support, resources, education and companionship to the dying person and their family, friends and carers.

A type of bronchoscopy that uses a flexible tube with a small ultrasound probe to examine the airways and lungs and take tissue samples.

The inner surface of the cervix. Also called the cervical canal.

A gland that releases hormones that control the amount of sugar in the blood.

The system of the body that produces hormones.

A doctor who specialises in treating people with disorders of the endocrine system.

Removing cells from the lining of the uterus with a long, thin tube called a pipelle.

The lining of the uterus (womb).

A flexible tube with a light and camera on the end. It is used during diagnostic tests known as endoscopies.

A type of procedure for early-stage stomach or oesophageal cancer. Tissue is removed using an endoscope.

A procedure that uses an endoscope to examine the pancreas and bile ducts.

The use of an endoscope to put a small, thin tube into a duct to unblock it. Often used to unblock the bile duct and reduce symptoms of jaundice.

A type of surgery for cancers that can be reached through the nose or mouth. Tissue is removed using a thin, flexible tube with a fine cutting instrument and a camera on the end.

A test using an endoscope with an ultrasound probe.

A type of internal examination or diagnostic test. A thin, flexible tube with a light and camera (endoscope) is used to examine the inside of the body.

See substitute decision-maker.

A liquid solution put into the rectum to wash out the lower bowel.

Energy is counted in kilojoules or calories and provides fuel for daily activities. Energy is obtained from food and drink.

Vital energy or life force called qi. Energy is believed to surround the body in an energy field, as well as running along invisible meridians inside the body.

Therapies based on the concept of energy or vital force surrounding and running through the body.

The process by which transplanted stem cells develop into new blood cells. It takes about 2–4 weeks.

Inflammation of the inner lining of the small bowel.

Proteins that aid digestion and are essential for the normal functioning and performance of the body.

The top, outer layer of the two main layers that make up the skin.

A tightly coiled tube located at the back of each testicle. It stores immature sperm and connects the testicle to the spermatic cord, which contains the vas deferens.

An injection of anaesthetic drugs into the spinal column.

The small flap that prevents food from going into the windpipe (trachea) when a person swallows.

Layers of cells covering internal and external surfaces of the body.

A common human virus in the herpes family that may increase a person’s risk of developing some types of cancer. Also called glandular fever or infectious mononucleosis.

Inability to get or keep an erection firm enough for penetration. Also called impotence.

An enlarged, rigid penis (sexual excitement).

Areas of the body that respond to sexual stimulation.

Aromatic oil extracted from different parts of a plant, such as seeds, bark, flowers and leaves.

A one-off fee that may be charged when you set up a personal or other type of loan.

Sinuses located above the nose and between the eyes.

The act or practice of deliberately ending the life of a person suffering from a terminal illness or incurable condition. It is illegal in Australia.

Treatments that have been tested scientifically and shown to be beneficial over and over again.

When health care providers make decisions based on research that shows how well a particular treatment works.

The amount you pay towards your hospital admission before your private health insurer pays a benefit.

A surgical procedure to remove diseased tissue. The surgeon may cut out the cancer and some tissue around it.

A type of biopsy where an area of abnormal tissue is surgically removed (excised).

Person responsible for carrying out the terms of a will.

A university-trained professional who specialises in using exercise as medicine, particularly for people with medical conditions. Also known as Accredited Exercise Physiologist (AEP).

A university-trained professional who specialises in designing exercise programs for healthy people.

A gland that releases substances (such as digestive juices, sweat, saliva or milk) through a duct.

Radiation therapy delivered to the cancer from outside the body.

A free independent service to help resolve disputes – an alternative to going to court.

An artificial body part that is worn on the outside of the body, such as a breast form.

A precancerous condition of the vulva. It may have an associated cancer at diagnosis or may develop into cancer.

This surgery removes the affected lung, plus parts of the lining of the heart (pericardium), lining of the chest (parietal pleura) and diaphragm.

Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography scan. A person is injected with a low level radioactive drug (fluorodeoxyglucose or FDG) that helps show up cancer cells. When combined with a PET scan, it is called an FDG-PET.

A major nerve in the skull that controls muscle movement in the face. It runs through the parotid gland.

Inability to control bowel movements, resulting in accidental loss of faeces.

Waste matter that normally leaves the body through the anus. Also known as stools or poo.

Two thin tubes in the female reproductive system. They carry sperm from the uterus to the ovaries, and eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.

A benign condition that causes hundreds of polyps to form in the large bowel. The polyps will become cancerous if untreated.

A medical clinic that offers genetic counselling and other services for people with a family history of cancer. Also called a familial cancer centre.

Damaged or dead tissue.

Extreme feeling of tiredness and lack of energy that may not go away with rest.

A build-up of fats in the liver that can damage the organ.

A flexible tube used to provide liquid nutrition to people having difficulty eating.

A system of gentle movements that encourage self-awareness to improve movement and posture.

The ability to conceive a child.

Procedures used before cancer treatment to help people remain fertile.

An unborn human more than eight weeks after conception.

The part of plant foods that cannot be digested. It helps the body move food through the digestive system.

Benign (non-cancerous) growth in the muscle layer of the womb.

Tissue developed at a wound site that forms a scar.

A person or authorised representative of an organisation licensed by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) to provide advice on some or all of these areas: investing, superannuation, retirement planning, estate planning, risk management, insurance and taxation. Also known as a financial planner.

A person who gives free, confidential and independent assistance to people with financial problems. Financial counselling services are usually provided by community or welfare organisations.

When you find it hard to pay your bills and loan repayments on time because of circumstances beyond your control.

A person or authorised representative of an organisation licensed by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) to provide advice on some or all of these areas: investing, superannuation, retirement planning, estate planning, risk management, insurance and taxation. Also known as a financial adviser.

The removal of a tissue sample with a fine needle. Also called fine needle biopsy.

The removal of a tissue sample with a fine needle. Also called a fine needle aspiration.

The first treatment used to target cancer.

The percentage of people alive five years after diagnosis.

A type of breast reconstruction that uses muscle, fat and skin from other parts of the body, such as the abdomen or back, to build a breast shape.

The range of movement in a joint (e.g. knee) or series of joints (e.g. leg).

A procedure in which a doctor inserts a sigmoidoscope into the anus to examine the rectum and lower colon.

Work practices that allow an employee to change their work conditions to suit them, e.g. changing hours or patterns of work.

Natural medicines extracted from flowers and diluted several times so that no active ingredient remains. Also known as flower essences.

A test that uses special dyes to look for abnormal chromosomes.

A cavity in the ovary that contains a maturing egg.

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland. It regulates the function of both the ovaries and testicles.

One of the two main types of cells that make up the thyroid. They produce and store the thyroid hormones T3 and T4, and make the protein thyroglobulin (Tg).

Medical appointments to follow your progress after treatment.

Illness caused by eating food that contains bacteria, viruses or parasites.

When a lender begins the legal process of recovering an unpaid home loan debt (mortgage) by forcing the sale of the house or land.

When an adult takes responsibility for a child, but does not have parental status.

The individual, usually daily, dose of radiation that makes up part of a course of radiation therapy.

Tissue transplanted from one site of the body to another.

How often medicine is taken.

Part of the brain responsible for thinking, planning and problem-solving (executive function), emotions and personality, and body movement (motor function).

Sinuses located behind the forehead.

A treatment technique that uses electric current to destroy tissue by heat.

A test that measures the number, size and maturity of each type of blood cell. Also known as a complete blood count.

A type of neuroendocrine tumour that releases hormones that may cause symptoms.

A small, pear-shaped organ on the underside of the liver that stores bile.

The difference between the Medicare Benefits Schedule fee and the doctor’s fee.

The surgical removal of part or all of the stomach.

A pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour. It makes and releases abnormal amounts of a hormone called gastrin.

The point where the stomach meets the oesophagus.

A condition where stomach acid leaks into the oesophagus, causing irritation. This is caused by the muscle at the end of the oesophagus not closing properly.

A doctor who specialises in diagnosing and treating disorders of the digestive system.

The passage from the mouth to the anus that allows a person to digest food and eliminate waste. The lower GI tract includes the colon, rectum and anus. The upper GI tract includes the
oesophagus and stomach.

A type of internal examination or diagnostic test. A thin, flexible tube with a light and camera (endoscope) is used to examine the inside of the body. Also called endoscopy.

A feeding tube inserted directly into the stomach through the abdomen. Also called a PEG or RIG tube.

An instrument used to measure radiation levels.

A doctor based in the community who treats all illnesses, referring patients to specialists as needed. Sometimes known as a family doctor.

The name given to a medicine based on its key (active) ingredient. See also brand name.

The microscopic units that determine how the body’s cells grow and behave. Genes are found in every cell of the body and are inherited from both parents.

A health professional who has been trained in genetics and counselling.

A gene or DNA sequence associated with a particular characteristic.

Testing that looks for faulty genes that may increase the risk of getting certain cancers.

The sex organs. Often used to mean the external sexual organs.

A test that provides information about the risk of the cancer coming back and whether chemotherapy will be of benefit. Also called a molecular assay.

A series of tests that looks for patterns of abnormalities within cancer cells.

Cells that produce eggs in females and sperm in males. Also called germinal cells.

An alternative nutritional therapy based on pure fruit and vegetable juices and coffee enemas to detoxify the body.

Specialised organs or groups of cells that make various fluids that are used in the body or excreted.

Cells that release mucus, hormones or other substances.

A way of grading prostate cancer. Being replaced by the Grade Group system.

A type of nervous system cell that surrounds and holds neurons in place, nourishes them and gets rid of dead cells and germs. Also called neuroglia.

A type of high-grade astrocytoma. Previously known as glioblastoma multiforme.

A brain tumour that begins in the glial cells. Types of glioma include astrocytoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma and ependymoma.

The surgical removal of part or all of the tongue.

The part of the larynx containing the vocal cords.

A hormone that increases the sugar (glucose) levels in the blood.

A type of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour that releases too much glucagon.

The muscles that make up the bottom.

An enlarged thyroid, usually benign.

Long-acting hormone produced in the brain that tells the pituitary gland to release sex hormones, which in turn stimulate the ovaries and the testicles.

Synthetically produced long-acting hormone that mimics the naturally produced GnRH, and which is used to slow or stop the function of the ovaries.

A score that describes how quickly a tumour is likely to grow.

A way of grading prostate cancer on a scale of 1 to 5, with higher numbers indicating faster-growing cancer.

A possible complication of allogeneic stem cell transplants. It happens when immune cells in the transplanted tissue (the graft) attack the cells of the person receiving the transplant (the host).

A type of white blood cell of the myeloid family. There are four different kinds of granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and mast cells.

A protein that helps the bone marrow produce more neutrophils to reduce the risk of infection.

The way we process and adjust to loss. Grief can affect all parts of your life.

The area between the abdomen and thigh on either side of the body. The adjective is inguinal (e.g. inguinal hernia).

A protein that stimulates the development and growth of cells.

A type of meditation in which a person is led through imagining a series of scenes that promote healing thoughts to achieve peace and relaxation.

Cancers of the female reproductive system. They include cervical, ovarian, uterine, vaginal and vulvar cancers.

A gynaecologist who specialises in treating cancer of the female reproductive organs.

A doctor who specialises in diseases of the female reproductive system.

Enlargement of male breast tissue.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. A type of protein that is involved in cell growth.

The virus that causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome).

A test that can detect the human papillomavirus (HPV).

A doctor who specialises in studying and treating diseases of the blood, bone marrow and lymphatic system.

A collection of blood that clots to form a solid swelling.

Blood in the urine.

A condition that causes the body to absorb more iron than usual from food.

The muscles on the back of the leg between the knee and the hip.

Any form of behaviour, including a one-off incident, that is unwelcome, offensive, humiliating, threatening or intimidating. Harassment is considered discrimination if it occurs because of a person’s disability.

A formal process where you ask your credit provider to vary the terms of your loan contract because you are temporarily unable to make the loan repayments.

The use of soft touch or passing hands over the body to restore harmony and balance by working with the flow of vital energy in the body.

A group of health professionals who are responsible for treating the person you care for. This may also be called the multidisciplinary team (MDT).

A sensation of tightness or burning in the chest. Heartburn is caused by stomach acid being released back up into the oesophagus and throat (reflux).

Chemotherapy in which the drugs are heated and inserted directly into the abdomen for 60–90 minutes during a peritonectomy. Sometimes called “hot chemotherapy”.

Long chains of proteins in an antibody such as paraprotein.

A type of highly targeted external beam radiation therapy that uses a machine that rotates around you.

Bacteria that can live in the stomach and small bowel and may lead to stomach ulcers and cancer. Also called H. pylori.

The surgical removal of part of the thyroid. Also called a partial thyroidectomy.

Surgery to remove all or part of the liver.

The main blood vessel carrying blood from the heart to the liver.

A build-up of toxins in the body, which can affect brain function.

Inflammation in the liver, usually caused by a virus.

A rare type of primary liver cancer that affects young children.

The main cell type in the liver; makes up about 60% of the liver.

A part of a plant, such as leaves, flowers, roots or berries.

The use of herbs taken by mouth or applied to the body to treat and prevent illness, and to strengthen the body. Also known as botanical medicine.

When an organ or tissue sticks out (protrudes) from its usual location due to a weakness of the muscle surrounding it.

A type of central venous access device inserted into a vein in the chest.

Care of the whole person. It can include different types of therapies and services to ensure that a person’s physical, emotional, cultural, social and spiritual needs are met. Palliative care is holistic care.

Health care that assesses the causes and effects of disease, and the way the different systems of the body impact on each other.

Based on the idea of treating “like with like”. Treats disease with very small amounts of natural substances that in larger amounts would produce symptoms of the disease.

Proteins in a cell that bind to specific hormones.

See menopause hormone therapy (MHT).

A treatment that blocks the body’s natural hormones, which sometimes help cancer cells grow. Also called endocrine or hormone-blocking therapy.

Chemicals in the body that send information between cells. Hormones control many of the body’s functions, including how you grow, develop and reproduce.

A place that provides comprehensive care for people with a life-limiting illness. This may include inpatient medical care, respite care and end-of-life care. It may also offer day care facilities and home visiting teams. Also known as a palliative care unit.

A group of viruses that can cause infection in the skin surfaces of different areas of the body, including the genital areas. HPV is a risk factor for some types of cancer. Also called the wart virus.

The section of an organisation that deals with employees and issues relating to employees, e.g. work health and safety, leave, recruitment, grievance handling, staff training.

The build-up of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain.

Higher than normal levels of calcium in the blood.

Chemotherapy in which the drugs are heated and inserted directly into the abdomen for 60–90 minutes during a peritonectomy.

A benign condition that occurs when the thyroid produces too many hormones. Also known as overactive thyroid.

A syndrome triggered when blood thickens and starts to circulate more slowly.

A type of counselling. The practitioner induces a deep relaxation to allow the patient’s subconscious (inner) mind to communicate its thoughts with their conscious (aware) mind.

The surgical removal of part of the lower throat.

The lowest part of the back of the throat.

A birth defect in which the opening of the urethra is not in its normal place.

An endocrine gland in the brain that controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

A benign condition that occurs when the thyroid produces too few hormones. Also known as underactive thyroid.

Surgical removal of the uterus. A total hysterectomy also removes the cervix.

A procedure to look inside the uterus using a hysteroscope, a long tube with a tiny light and camera.

A form of iodine often used for imaging tests or as a treatment for thyroid cancer. Also known as radioactive iodine (RAI).

A surgically created opening (stoma) in the abdomen to the outside of the body. It is made from the ileum (part of the small bowel). Also, the operation that creates this stoma.

The lowest section of the small bowel; transfers waste to the large bowel.

The use of imaging techniques, such as x-ray or CT scans, at the start of each radiation therapy session. IGRT allows positioning to be very finely adjusted.

Reconstructing the breast shape at the same time as the initial breast cancer surgery.

A medicine that releases quickly and lasts only 30 minutes.

A device, such as a mask, breast board or cushion, that helps keep a person in a fixed position during radiation therapy.

A network of cells and organs that defends the body against attacks by foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses. Includes the lymphatic system.

A test that checks faeces for microscopic traces of blood.

Weakening of the immune system, often caused by disease or treatment.

A protein that is produced by plasma cells and fights infections.

Drugs that interact with the immune system to attack cancer cells in a number of different ways.

A test that looks for certain markers on the surface of cells.

A medicine that reduces the actions of the immune system.

Drugs that use the body’s own immune system to fight cancer.

An artificial device that is surgically inserted into the body to replace tissue or an organ that has been damaged or removed, such as a breast.

A type of breast reconstruction that reconstructs the breast by inserting an implant under or above the chest muscle.

Inability to get or keep an erection firm enough for penetration. Also called erectile dysfunction.

When an egg is fertilised with sperm in a laboratory and later implanted into a female body.

A cut made into the body during surgery

Money you receive through wages, investments (such as shares or property), superannuation or government benefits.

A type of insurance that can help you manage your expenses if you are unable to work for a certain amount of time. If you claim this type of insurance, you are usually paid a proportion of your salary for the period you are unable to work or a specified time. Also called salary continuance insurance.

A series of regular income payments from your superannuation made directly to you by your fund. Sometimes called a superannuation pension.

The accidental or involuntary loss of urine (wee or pee) or faeces (poo).

A thin tube inserted into either the pleural or peritoneal cavity to help drain a build-up of fluid. Sometimes called an indwelling drain.

The inability to conceive a child.

A benign condition that causes inflammation of the bowel.

Cancer that affects the lymphatic vessels in the skin of the breast causing the breast to become red and swollen.

Receiving and understanding all relevant information, such as potential risks, before agreeing to or declining medical treatment.

Receiving and understanding all relevant information about the likely cost of treatment.

A herbal remedy prepared by steeping dried herbs in hot or boiling water. Also known as herbal tea.

A bulge in the groin caused when some bowel or fatty tissue comes out through a weak spot in the abdominal muscles.

Surgical removal of lymph nodes from the groin area.

A task, duty, responsibility or element that is an essential part of a job.

Not able to be removed with surgery. Also called unresectable.

A person who stays in hospital while having treatment.

The deliberate injection of semen into a female body for the purpose of achieving conception/pregnancy.

Trouble getting to sleep or staying asleep, or waking up in the early morning and not being able to get back to sleep.

Small parts of a debt that are paid at set times, as agreed with your lender.

A hormone released by the pancreas to regulate the amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood. If your body does not produce enough insulin, you will develop diabetes.

A contract between a company and an individual that guarantees a payment in the case of covered loss, accidents or death.

The combined use of evidence-based complementary therapies and conventional medicine. Also known as integrative medicine.

A highly accurate type of external beam radiation therapy that shapes and divides multiple radiation beams into many beamlets that vary in strength.

The rate that a lender charges a borrower for the use of the loan. This is usually expressed as a percentage of the total amount loaned.

A substance that occurs naturally within the body and which enhances the immune system’s fight against viruses.

Radiation therapy delivered to the cancer from within the body. Brachytherapy is the most common type of internal radiation therapy. Other types include radionuclide therapy and SIRT (selective internal radiation therapy).

A specialist doctor who uses imaging scans to diagnose cancer, may perform a biopsy under ultrasound or CT, and may deliver some treatments.

Being physically and emotionally close to someone.

Inability to digest a particular food properly.

Increased pressure in the skull caused by a brain tumour taking up too much space or blocking the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, or by swelling after surgery.

An IVF procedure in which a single sperm is injected directly into an egg.

A technique of putting chemotherapy into the abdominal cavity.

Blood that collects in the scrotum.

Chemotherapy drugs that are delivered through a lumbar puncture.

A non-invasive condition that may turn into testicular cancer.

Depositing sperm directly into the uterus to increase the chances of conceiving. Also called artificial insemination.

Injected into a vein.

Chemotherapy delivered into a vein through a drip or pump.

A slow injection of a substance into a vein.

Cancer that has spread from the lining of the breast ducts or lobules into the surrounding breast tissue.

An element that allows the thyroid to produce hormones. Iodine is found in foods such as seafood, iodised table salt, eggs and some breads.

The band of tissue that connects the two lobes of the thyroid.

A condition caused by high levels of a substance called bilirubin in the blood. This can occur when the bile ducts are blocked or the liver is not working properly. Jaundice causes yellow, itchy skin; the whites of the eyes to turn yellow; pale stools (poo); and dark urine.

Surgery done through small cuts in the body using a thin viewing instrument with a light and camera. Also known as minimally invasive surgery or laparoscopic surgery.

A pair of organs in the abdomen that remove waste from the blood and make urine.

A genetic disorder in males caused by having an extra X chromosome (XXY) instead of one (XY).

A common abbreviation for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer, asexual and questioning community.

The lips of the vulva. The labia majora are the outer lips. The labia minora are the inner lips.

A chemical found in the blood of some people with seminoma or non-seminoma testicular cancer.

A type of sugar found in milk and some milk products. Lactose is digested by an enzyme found in the digestive system called lactase.

A layer of tissue and blood vessels surrounding the inner layer of the bladder (urothelium).

Surgery that involves cutting into the spinal column and removing a spinal cord tumour.

A thin viewing instrument with a light and camera that is inserted through a cut in the abdomen to look inside the abdomen and pelvis during keyhole surgery.

Surgery done through small cuts in the abdomen using a thin viewing instrument called a laparoscope.

A type of open surgery in which a long cut is made in the abdomen to examine and remove internal organs.

Part of the lower digestive system. The large bowel stores waste until it leaves the body as faeces. Its main sections are the colon and rectum. Also called the large intestine.

A procedure to remove cervical tissue for examination and to treat some precancerous changes of the cervix. Also called loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP).

The surgical removal of the larynx. In a partial laryngectomy, part of the larynx is removed. In a total laryngectomy, the whole larynx is removed.

The surgical removal of all of the larynx and most of the pharynx.

A procedure that allows the doctor to closely examine the back of the throat, including the larynx and pharynx. See also endoscopy and microlaryngoscopy.

The voice box. The larynx is the part of the throat that contains the vocal cords and connects the throat with the windpipe.

The use of a laser beam to remove tissue.

Side effects of cancer treatment that occur several months or years after treatment has been completed.

The interval between exposure to a cancer-causing material and the clinical appearance of disease.

A type of flap reconstruction that reconstructs the breast shape using the latissimus dorsi muscle.

A broad, flat muscle in the back.

A medicine that stimulates bowel motions and relieves constipation.

An area of abnormal tissue.

In Australia, a type of cancer that has between 6 and 12 incidences per year per 100,000 population.

A procedure to quickly reduce the white blood cell count to a safe level.

Sex drive, sexual desire.

A type of counselling in which a coach collaborates with the client to set goals and work out ways to change the client’s life to achieve them.

An illness that is unlikely to be cured and will cause death at some stage in the future. A person with a life-limiting illness may live for weeks, months or even years.

Factors that help give a holistic (well-rounded) picture of your health and wellbeing. These include what you eat and drink; how much you exercise; your occupation and its risks; relationships; stress and pressures in your life; and whether you smoke.

Short chains of proteins in an antibody such as paraprotein.

A machine used to create high-energy x-ray or electron radiation beams for use in external beam radiation therapy.

The surgical transfer of fat from one part of the body to another using liposuction. The fat is injected under the skin to improve shape and contour.

Herbal remedies in which the herb is extracted in a concentrated form into a solution of water and alcohol. The extract is further diluted in water when taken.

A substance that is applied to the skin to freeze and kill abnormal skin cells.

A test that looks for cervical cell abnormalities if the cervical screening test finds HPV. Similar to the Pap test.

A large organ in the top right side of the abdomen. Its functions include making bile, which helps digestion.

A blood test to see how well the liver is working before, during and after treatment.

A section of an organ.

An operation to remove a lobe of an organ.

The milk-producing glands in the breast.

A medicine that blocks the feeling of pain in a specific location in the body for a short time.

A surgical cut to remove a small lesion.

Cancer that has spread to nearby organs or blood vessels and cannot be removed with surgery.

A type of leave that’s generally available to employees after they’ve spent a long period of time with a single employer.

A casual employee who has been employed by the same employer regularly and on a systematic basis for at least 12 months, and who has a reasonable expectation of continuing employment.

A procedure to remove cervical tissue for examination and to treat some precancerous changes of the cervix. Also called large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ).

Activity that is easy and doesn’t cause much exertion.

A test in which a needle is inserted into the spinal column to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid. Also called a spinal tap.

Surgery that removes a lump without removing the entire breast. Also called breast-conserving surgery or wide local excision.

The two spongy organs in the chest. The lungs are made up of many tiny air sacs and are used for breathing. They are part of the respiratory system.

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland. It tells an ovary to release an egg and the testicles to make testosterone.

A clear fluid that circulates around the body through the lymphatic system. It carries white blood cells (lymphocytes) that help fight infection.

Removal of the lymph nodes from a part of the body. Also called lymphadenectomy.

Small, bean-shaped structures found in groups throughout the body. They help protect the body against disease and infection. Also called lymph glands.

Thin tubes that carry the clear fluid known as lymph all over the body.

Removal of the lymph nodes from a part of the body. Also called a lymph node dissection.

A type of specialised massage designed to stimulate the flow of lymph in the body’s tissues.

A network of vessels, nodes and organs that removes excess fluid from tissues, absorbs fatty acids, transports fat and produces immune cells.

A collection of fluid under a wound after an operation. Also called a seroma.

A type of white blood cell that helps fight infection. Lymphocytes destroy bacteria, viruses and other harmful substances.

Swelling caused by a build-up of lymph fluid. Can develop in the neck, arm or leg.

One of the two families of white blood cells. The lymphoid family only produces white blood cells.

A disease that increases the risk of developing some types of cancer such as bowel, ovarian or uterus.

Areas where bone has been damaged.

Magnetic resonance imaging scan. A scan that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to take detailed cross-sectional pictures of the body.

Drugs that block mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), an enzyme that tells cancer cells to grow and spread.

A more detailed MRI scan that can check the bile duct for blockages.

Chemotherapy given for months or years after the initial treatment to prevent the cancer coming back.

Treatment given for months or years after the initial treatment to prevent the cancer coming back.

Cancerous. Malignant cells can spread (metastasise) and eventually cause death if they cannot be treated.

An imbalance of nutrients in the body, which can affect overall health and how the body responds to cancer treatment and recovery.

A low-dose x-ray of the breast.

The lower jaw.

The surgical removal of part or all of the lower jaw.

Cutting through the lower jaw to reach the mouth or throat.

The edge of tissue removed during surgery. Clear or negative margin means no cancer cells were found on the edge of the removed tissue. Positive margin means cancer cells were found on the edge of the tissue.

A bodywork therapy in which muscles are stimulated, stretched and relaxed through specialised pressure.

Surgery to remove the whole breast.

A bra designed for women who have had a breast removed. Each cup has a pocket to hold a breast prosthesis. Also called a pocketed bra.

Stimulation of the genitals without sexual intercourse to reach orgasm.

The upper jaw.

Sinuses located under the eyes and in the cheek area.

The surgical removal of part or all of the upper jaw.

An assessment of someone’s financial situation to work out whether they are eligible for financial assistance.

The use of a battery-powered device such as an electrolarynx to create vocal sounds.

A surgical procedure for examining the lymph nodes at the centre of the chest and removing a sample, if necessary.

The area in the chest between the lungs. It contains the heart and large blood vessels, the oesophagus, the trachea and many lymph nodes.

An informal type of resolution using a mediator or negotiator who communicates between two parties to settle differences and problems. Also called conciliation.

When a health care provider is proven to have breached their duty of care to a patient, causing injury or personal loss.

A doctor who treats cancer with drug therapies such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy.

Notes about a person’s health care history (e.g. scan and test results and doctors’ recommendations).

Cannabis that is approved for medical use.

A mind–body technique that focuses on breathing, learning to still the mind, and thinking only about the present.

Dark pigment produced in melanocytes that gives skin its colour.

One of the three types of cells that make up the top layer of the skin (epidermis). Melanocytes produce melanin.

The thin layers of protective tissue (membranes) that surround the brain and spinal cord.

A low-grade brain or spinal cord tumour that starts in the meninges.

When a woman stops having periods (menstruating). This can happen naturally; because of cancer treatment; or because the ovaries have been removed.

Drug therapy that supplies the body with hormones that it is no longer able to produce naturally. Previously known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT).

A woman’s monthly bleed from the vagina. Also called periods.

An invisible energy channel in the body. In traditional Chinese medicine, the body is believed to have meridians through which vital energy called qi flows to keep people balanced and healthy.

A type of cell located in the epidermis.

The cells of the mesothelium.

A membrane that lines the chest cavity (pleura) and abdominal cavity (peritoneum), and surrounds the heart (pericardium).

The chemical process by which food is changed into energy in the body.

Surgical removal of tumours that have spread from cancer that started in another organ in the body.

Cancer that has spread from a primary cancer in another part of the body. Also called secondary cancer.

A procedure using a stainless steel instrument called a laryngoscope to examine the throat and voice box and take a tissue sample. It is done under general anaesthetic.

Surgery on very small structures of the body using miniature instruments under a microscope.

Learning to live more fully in the here-and-now by intentionally bringing your attention to the present moment.

A type of meditation based on the concept of being “mindful”. This means paying attention to the present.

Techniques that help people address emotional issues and other problems that have a mental component, such as anxiety, depression, stress and pain.

A highly processed and refined colourless and odourless oil used by some massage therapists.

Components of food that are needed to keep the body healthy, e.g. iron, zinc and calcium.

The lowest amount that must be paid in each repayment period on a loan, credit card or other debt.

Genes that help the cell’s DNA repair itself.

A measure of how quickly melanoma cells divide.

Activity that isn’t too hard, but is hard enough to be of benefit. Breathing and heart rates increase during moderate intensity activity.

Specialised surgery to remove skin cancers one segment at a time until only healthy cells remain. Also called microscopically controlled excision.

A small, dark spot on the skin that arises from skin cells called melanocytes. Also called a naevus.

Testing that looks for changes in the genes involved in cancer.

A blood condition that resembles chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, but is not classed as leukaemia as there are not enough abnormal cells present. It sometimes turns into chronic
lymphocytic leukaemia.

A group of drugs that lock onto a protein on the surface of cancer cells to interfere with the growth or survival of the cancer cells.

A non-cancerous condition in which low levels of paraprotein are present in the blood. This condition may increase the risk of developing myeloma.

The area of fatty tissue above the labia. It is covered with pubic hair.

The movement of sperm.

The outward expression of sorrow for a loss, often influenced by cultural customs and rituals (e.g. wearing black, lowering flags at half-mast).

A multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging scan. It’s a type of MRI scan.

Moist tissue that lines organs of the body.

Sores in the mouth or throat.

A slippery, stringy substance produced by the lungs, nose and sinuses.

A system where all members of the treatment team discuss a patient’s physical and emotional needs.

A clinic with a team of pain specialists and allied health professionals specialising in the treatment of chronic pain.

A team of health professionals who work together to discuss a patient’s physical and emotional needs and decide on which treatment to recommend.

A benign condition that increases the risk of developing endocrine tumours.

The thickest layer of tissue in the bladder; made up of muscle. Also known as the muscle layer.

The use of music to improve health and wellbeing.

A change in a gene causing a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up the gene.

A disease that affects the production of healthy blood cells in the bone marrow and sometimes develops into acute myeloid leukaemia.

One of the two families of white blood cells. The myeloid family produces some types of white blood cells, all red blood cells and all platelets.

Smooth muscle tissue that makes up most of the uterus.

The least common type of lymphocyte.

A non-inherited gene change that can cause cells to grow and divide uncontrollably. It increases the risk of developing a melanoma.

A small, dark spot on the skin that arises from skin cells called melanocytes. Also called a mole.

The large, hollow space located behind the nose and in the middle of the face.

An internal examination of the nose and upper airways using a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera on the end.

A thin feeding tube that is passed through a nostril, down the throat and into the stomach.

The upper part of the pharynx that lies behind the nose and above the soft palate.

A board authorised by the government to oversee the registration and professional standards of health care practitioners.

The minimum standards of employment that apply to national system employees from 1 January 2010. They are set out in the Fair Work Act 2009.

A form of nutrition based on the principles of naturopathy. Specific foods are chosen to correct problems in the digestive system and to enhance digestion and absorption of nutrients.

A holistic system of health care incorporating diet, bodywork and herbal medicine to stimulate the body’s own healing system.

Feeling sick or wanting to be sick.

Surgery to remove lymph nodes from the neck. Also known as lymphadenectomy.

Fine, sterile needles inserted into the body during acupuncture. Press needles are like studs, which are covered with tape to help them stay in place.

Chemotherapy given before surgery to make treatment more successful.

A treatment given before another treatment to make that treatment more successful.

A new bladder formed from a section of the small bowel.

Surgical removal of a whole kidney (radical nephrectomy) or part of a kidney (partial nephrectomy). In a radical nephrectomy, the fatty tissue around the kidney and sometimes the adrenal gland and nearby lymph nodes are removed too.

A doctor who specialises in diagnosing and treating kidney disease.

The tiny parts of the kidney that filter blood and form urine.

Surgical removal of the kidney, ureter and the top part of the bladder.

Pain medicine that is injected directly into or around a nerve or into the spine to block pain.

A type of surgery to save the nerves that affect ejaculation and urination.

A doctor who specialises in the brain and nervous system, and treats tumours that do not need surgery.

A cell that transmits electrical impulses that carry information from one part of the body to the other.

Pain caused by pressure on nerves or the spinal cord, or by damage to nerves. Also called nerve pain.

A psychologist who specialises in helping people with brain impairments.

A surgeon who specialises in surgery on the brain and nervous system.

A low level of neutrophils. It can make you more prone to infections.

A type of white blood cell that defends the body against bacteria and yeast.

When you are unable to have food or drink for a period of time before or after surgery.

Constructing the nipple and areola.

A type of mastectomy where the breast skin, nipple and areola are not removed.

A community program that provides interest-free loans for people on low incomes.

A swelling or lump that may be cancerous or non-cancerous.

A type of neuroendocrine tumour that does not produce hormones that cause symptoms.

Precancerous breast condition that is confined to the ducts or lobules of the breast. Also called carcinoma in situ.

Available without a prescription, often from pharmacies and supermarkets. Includes some pain medicines, cold medicines, vitamins and herbal remedies.

A type of mild pain relief often used to reduce inflammation and swelling.

Chemotherapy given as a long-term course directly into the abdomen after a peritonectomy.

Coordinates the delivery of radioactive iodine treatment and nuclear scans.

Nourishing substances that help living things to survive, repair and reproduce. Nutrients from food are processed by the digestive system and carried by the blood to cells throughout the body.

The process of eating and digesting the food that the body needs.

A health professional who provides information and support about nutrition. May be a qualified nutrition scientist or naturopathic nutritionist.

Food that is a good source of energy (kilojoules/calories) and/or protein, as well as vitamins and minerals.

Part of the brain responsible for processing visual information.

A doctor who specialises in managing illness and injury in the workplace. Can formally assess a person’s capacity to return to work and identify suitable workplace changes.

A health professional who helps people solve physical and practical problems after illness, so they can lead independent lives.

Forcing air into the top of the oesophagus and then out again to produce a voice.

The surgical removal of part or all of the oesophagus.

Inflammation or loss of tissue in the lining of the oesophagus.

The examination of the oesophagus with an endoscope.

The food pipe. The passage that carries food from the throat into the stomach.

One of the two major sex hormones in females. It is produced mainly by the ovaries and helps regulate the female reproductive cycle.

Surgical removal of the omentum.

A protective apron of fatty tissue over the abdominal organs.

A doctor who specialises in the study and treatment of cancer.

A surgeon who specialises in using plastic surgery techniques to reconstruct breast tissue after surgery.

An operation in which the cancer is removed, and plastic surgery techniques are used to preserve the appearance of the breast as much as possible.

A type of implant reconstruction completed in one operation; also called direct-to-implant reconstruction.

The surgical removal of an ovary. If both ovaries are removed, it is called a bilateral oophorectomy.

The surgical relocation of one or both ovaries to another area of the body to protect ovarian function. Also called ovarian transposition.

A surgical method that involves one large cut (incision) in the body to view and access the organs.

The strongest pain medicines available. They are used to reduce some types of pain.

The mouth, including the gums, cheek linings, the roof and floor of the mouth, front two-thirds of the tongue, and the small area behind the wisdom teeth.

Chemotherapy given by mouth as tablets or capsules.

A medicine taken by mouth.

The surgical removal of the eye and other tissue around the eye socket.

An operation to remove a testicle and spermatic cord through a cut (incision) in the lower abdomen.

Sexual climax.

Surgical removal of some of the throat behind the mouth.

The middle part of the throat behind the mouth. It includes the soft palate, tonsils and tongue base.

Special x-ray used to examine the jaw and teeth of people with mouth cancer

A condition in which bone tissue of the jaw breaks down, causing pain.

Thinning and weakening of the bones that can lead to bone pain and fractures.

A potential side effect of radiation therapy in which bone tissue breaks down.

The difference between what you are charged, and the amount Medicare or your health fund will pay.

A person who receives medical treatment without being admitted into hospital.

Stopping the ovaries from producing oestrogen by surgically removing the ovaries (oophorectomy) or giving a dose of radiation therapy to the ovaries.

Methods to stop the functions of the ovaries.

A female reproductive organ that contains eggs (ova). It produces the hormones oestrogen and progesterone.

Drugs that you can buy from pharmacies and some shops without a doctor’s prescription.

The release of an egg during the menstrual cycle.

The female sex cell that is produced by the ovary and released during ovulation. Also called egg.

Reduces the cost of prescription medicines for individuals and families once the PBS Safety Net threshold has been reached.

Peritoneal cancer index. Assesses the extent of cancer in the peritoneal cavity.

Positron emission tomography scan. A scan in which a person is injected with a small amount of radioactive solution to find cancerous areas.

A positron emission tomography (PET) scan combined with a CT scan. For the PET scan, the person is injected with a small amount of radioactive glucose solution to help show up cancerous areas.

A way for a doctor to determine a person’s level of pain. It helps guide decisions about how to treat the pain.

A record of when pain is greatest and the medicine used to relieve the pain.

A personalised plan to manage pain developed by a person’s GP and the pain management team.

A medical specialist who treats difficult pain problems.

A scale that helps a person show how mild or severe their pain is based on a range of numbers, descriptions or facial expressions.

The holistic care of people who have a life-limiting illness, their families and carers. It aims to maintain quality of life by addressing physical, emotional, cultural, spiritual and social needs. Also known as supportive care.

 

A nurse who has specialised in the field of palliative care. Provides support to the patient, family and carers, and may coordinate the palliative care team.

A palliative care nurse with additional qualifications who can manage complex care, including referral to other health professionals, prescribing some medicines and ordering tests.

A doctor who has specialised in the field of palliative medicine. Prescribes medical treatment for pain and other symptoms, and supports and advises other members of the palliative care team, and the patient, family and carers.

A place that provides comprehensive care for people with a life-limiting illness. This may include inpatient medical care, respite care and end-of-life care for people who are unable to be cared for at home, or don’t wish to die at home. It may also offer day care facilities and home visits. Sometimes called a hospice.

Medical treatment for people with advanced cancer to help them manage pain and other physical and emotional symptoms.

An organ in the digestive and endocrine systems. It produces insulin and some of the enzymes needed to digest food.

The removal of all or part of the pancreas.

A tube that connects the pancreas to the first part of the small bowel (duodenum).

When the body does not make enough digestive enzymes to properly digest food.

Surgery to remove the head of the pancreas and surrounding structures. Also called a Whipple operation, Whipple surgery or Whipple procedure.

Inflammation of the pancreas.

An episode of severe anxiety with symptoms such as shortness of breath, racing heartbeat, dizziness, sweating, shaking, chest pain, a choking feeling and overwhelming fear.

A test that can detect changes in cervical cells. Replaced by the cervical screening test.

The draining of excess fluid from the abdomen. Also called an ascitic tap.

One of the two main types of cells that make up the thyroid. They produce the hormone calcitonin.

Small, air-filled spaces in the side walls of the nose.

A substance produced when plasma cells multiply abnormally. Also called M-protein or monoclonal protein.

Four glands that are located behind the thyroid. They produce a hormone that helps control the amount of calcium in the blood.

The part of the brain responsible for processing information from the senses.

The outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the walls of the abdomen and pelvis.

The outer layer of the pleura that lines the chest wall and diaphragm.

One of the sets of major salivary glands. They are found just in front of the ears.

The surgical removal of a parotid gland.

Surgery to remove part of the liver; may include removal of the gall bladder.

A specialist doctor who interprets the results of blood tests and biopsies.

A document that provides information about the cancerous tissue, including its size and location, hormonal status, how far it has spread, surgical margins and how fast it is growing.

Expectations of patients to treat their treatment team with respect, honesty and consideration.

Rules and guarantees for people receiving medical care. Some rights are legally enforceable; other rights are what you can reasonably expect from your care and are not enforceable.

An intravenous system that allows a person to administer a measured dose of pain relief by pressing a button.

The muscle at the front of the chest.

Muscles on the front of the upper chest, behind the breasts in women.

A narrow strip of tissue including blood vessels to maintain blood supply to transplanted tissue.

The surgical removal of all organs from the pelvis.

Exercises to strengthen the muscles that control the bladder and bowel.

The muscles that support the organs in the pelvis and help to control the bladder and rectum.

A structure of bone and tissue on the side of the pelvis.

The lower part of the trunk of the body: roughly, the area that extends from hip to hip and waist to groin.

Surgery to remove part or all of the penis.

An implant that is surgically placed in the penis. It allows you to mechanically create an erection.

A feeding tube inserted directly into the stomach through the abdomen.

Placing a tube (stent) through the skin to unblock the bile duct and relieve jaundice.

A thin, double-layered sac that surrounds the heart.

The area of skin between the vulva and the anus.

The system of nerves extending outside the central nervous system to the limbs and organs.

Weakness, numbness, tingling or pain, usually in the hands and feet, caused by damage to the nerves that are located away from the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nerves).

A type of central venous access device that is inserted into a vein in the arm.

The space between the layers of the peritoneum; normally contains a small amount of fluid.

A procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the abdomen. Also known as paracentesis.

An operation to remove part of the peritoneum.

The lining of the abdomen.

The outer layer of the bladder. Mostly made up of fatty tissue.

An individual who works for an employer on a permanent full-time or part-time basis. Permanent employees receive the minimum entitlements set out in the National Employment Standards.

A type of anaemia. It is caused by vitamin B12 not being absorbed, which affects the development of red blood cells.

Care that is respectful of, and responsive to, the preferences, needs and values of the individual patient.

Leave that can be taken when an employee can’t attend work because they are sick or injured, or need to provide care or support to a member of their immediate family due to an illness,
injury or unexpected emergency. Also known as sick or carer’s leave.

A person who can plan and supervise exercise programs, but has not been trained to prescribe exercise for people with chronic medical conditions.

Pain felt in a limb or body part even though it has been surgically removed.

A government-funded scheme that subsidises some prescription medicines.

The surgical removal of part or all of the throat.

The throat. This is a hollow tube that starts behind the nose. It connects the mouth and nose with the windpipe (trachea) and the food pipe (oesophagus).

An abnormal chromosome associated with chronic myeloid leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. It carries instructions for the body to make tyrosine kinase, an abnormal protein that tells leukaemia cells to grow and multiply.

A type of cancer treatment using a cream that is activated by a light.

Any activity that moves your body and speeds up your breathing and heartbeat.

A university-trained professional who treats injury, disease or disability with physical methods such as massage and exercise.

Chemical compounds that occur naturally in fruit, vegetables, legumes (beans and peas) and grains. Also called phytonutrients.

A system of exercises that increase awareness of muscles in the body to improve breathing, core strength and posture.

A gland in the brain that produces hormones. These hormones control many of the body’s functions, including growth, metabolism and production of sex hormones.

A low-grade brain tumour that starts in the pituitary gland.

The clear fluid part of the blood that carries blood cells.

A type of white blood cell that stays mostly in the bone marrow. Plasma cells make antibodies.

When the plasma portion of the blood is removed and replaced with donated plasma or a plasma substitute.

A specialist doctor who has trained in complex aesthetic (appearance) and reconstructive techniques and surgery.

One of the three main types of cells found in the blood. Platelets help the blood to clot and stop bleeding. Also called thrombocytes.

The mesothelium (thin sheet of tissue) that lines the chest wall and covers the lungs. It has two layers: parietal and visceral.

The space between the layers of the pleura; normally contains a thin film of fluid.

A collection of fluid between the two layers of tissue that cover the lungs.

An area of fibrous thickening on the pleura. It can be seen on x-rays of some people exposed to asbestos.

A procedure in which a hollow needle is inserted between the ribs to drain excess fluid. Also called pleurocentesis or thoracentesis.

Scarring that thickens the pleura. As the scar tissue grows, it can encase the lung and close off the pleural cavity. Also known as diffuse pleural thickening (DPT).

This surgery removes part of the pleura. When combined with decortication it is known as pleurectomy decortication (PD).

An injection of sterile talcum powder into the pleural cavity. This causes inflammation that closes the space and prevents fluid building up again.

A surgical operation to remove a lung.

A bra designed for women who have had a breast removed. Each cup has a pocket to hold a breast prosthesis. Also called mastectomy bra.

A gentle bodywork technique using touch to clear blockages in energy flow around the body.

A condition in which red blood cell levels are higher than normal.

A projecting growth from a surface in the body, such as the large bowel. Most polyps are benign, but they can become malignant.

A type of central venous access device surgically inserted under the skin of the chest or arm. A tube called a catheter connects the port to a vein so fluids can be passed into the body.

A blood vessel carrying blood from the stomach and small bowel to the liver.

A document that gives a person the ability to act on your behalf on financial and legal matters.

A nurse who works in general practice.

An illness or injury that existed before applying for an insurance policy.

Testing embryos for specific genetic or sex-linked disorders before implantation into the woman’s uterus.

A term used to describe a condition that may or is likely to become cancer.

The inability to delay ejaculation.

The premature loss of ovarian function before the age of 40. This occurs when the ovaries no longer produce adequate amounts of sex hormones and can’t develop a mature egg for ovulation. Also called early or premature menopause.

The premature loss of ovarian function before the age of 40. This occurs when the ovaries no longer produce adequate amounts of sex hormones and can’t develop a mature egg for ovulation. Also called premature menopause.

Grief that occurs when someone knows that they are dying.

Medicine that can only be given (dispensed) by a pharmacist after receiving authority from a doctor.

The age at which you can access the preserved amount of your superannuation once you are retired.

The contributions you and your employer make to superannuation plus any interest earned on these amounts. You can usually access the preserved amount only once you are retired or have reached preservation age, but you may be able to access it earlier in special circumstances.

Surgery to remove breast tissue in a woman with a high risk of developing breast cancer.

The original cancer. Cells from the primary cancer may break away and be carried to other parts of the body, where secondary cancers may form.

The part of the body where the cancer first developed.

An insurance policy that covers some medical expenses.

Inflammation of the rectum.

The surgical removal of the entire colon and rectum.

An examination of the rectum and anus using an instrument called a proctoscope.

One of the two major sex hormones in females. It is made mostly by the ovaries and prepares the lining of the uterus (endometrium) for pregnancy. Progesterone can be produced artificially to help shrink some cancers and control symptoms.

The expected outcome of a particular person’s disease.

A gland in the male reproductive system. It produces fluid that makes up part of semen.

A protein produced by prostate cells and found in the blood. High levels may indicate prostate cancer.

An operation to remove all or part of the prostate. A radical prostatectomy removes all the prostate and some of the tissue around it.

An artificial replacement for a lost or damaged body part.

An essential part of food that the body needs to repair itself and build muscle.

A recommendation that sets out which chemotherapy drugs to use, their dosage and timing.

A form of external beam radiation therapy that uses radiation from protons rather than x-rays.

A field of cancer care concerned with the emotional responses of people with cancer and their families.

A health professional who helps people with their thoughts, feelings and behaviours.

The process of reaching sexual maturity and becoming capable of reproduction.

A legal official who can be appointed to make important health and lifestyle decisions on behalf of another person.

Relating to the lungs.

Vital energy or force. Pronounced “chee”.

A form of movement therapy from traditional Chinese medicine. Pronounced “chee goong”.

The muscles on the front of the leg between the knee and the hip.

Your comfort and satisfaction, based on how well your physical, emotional, spiritual, sexual, social and financial needs are met within the limitations of your health and personal circumstances.

Energy in the form of waves or particles, including gamma rays and x-rays. This energy is harmful to cells and is used in radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells.

A doctor who specialises in treating cancer with radiation therapy.

Protecting a part of the body from external beam radiation therapy using a shield.

The use of targeted radiation to kill or damage cancer cells so they cannot grow, multiply or spread. The radiation is usually in the form of x-ray beams. Also known as radiotherapy.

An operation that removes the uterus, cervix, and soft tissue around the cervix and top of the vagina.

High-dose radiation therapy aimed at destroying cancer cells that are likely to remain after surgery.

A type of extensive surgery that aims to remove the diseased organ or tumour as well as the blood supply, lymph nodes and, sometimes, attached structures.

A form of iodine often used for imaging tests or as a treatment for thyroid cancer. Also known as I131.

A type of internal radiation therapy used to treat thyroid cancer.

A treatment that uses radio waves to heat and destroy cancer cells.

A scan using small amounts of radioisotope to find areas of bone where there is cancer.

A feeding tube inserted directly into the stomach through the abdomen using x-rays or other scans.

A radioactive substance that is injected into the body to locate or treat tumours.

The use of radioactive substances that can be taken by mouth as a capsule or liquid, or given by injection (intravenously). Also called radioisotope therapy.

In Australia, a type of cancer that has less than 6 incidences per year per 100,000 population.

Any accommodations, modifications or provisions made in the workplace to allow a person with a disability, such as cancer, to perform the inherent requirements of their job.

A partial refund following a purchase or payment.

A doctor who has had advanced surgical training in the restoration of skin and tissue to near-normal appearance and function. Also called a plastic surgeon.

Surgery to rebuild an area of the body that has been damaged.

A hospital room for the care of patients immediately after surgery.

Cancer that develops in the rectum, the last part of the large bowel.

The last 15–20 cm of the large bowel; it stores faeces (poo) until a bowel movement occurs.

One of the two large, flat stomach muscles, also called the abs or six-pack.

The return of a disease after a period of improvement (remission).

One of the three main types of cells found in the blood. They carry oxygen around the body. Also called erythrocytes.

An allogeneic transplant that uses lower doses of chemotherapy and radiation therapy than normal, so it is easier for the body to tolerate. Sometimes called a mini transplant.

Pain that is felt away from the area that is actually causing the pain.

When you replace or extend an existing loan with funds from either the same or a different bank or financial institution.

A type of massage of areas on the hands and feet known as “reflex points”. These points are believed to correspond with the body’s internal organs and systems.

When stomach acid flows up into the oesophagus.

Disease that does not respond to treatment. Also called resistant disease.

A health care provider, such as a doctor, nurse or pharmacist, who needs to be registered and approved by a government registration board before working in that field.

A hospital doctor who is training to be a specialist.

A program to help a person recover and regain function, or adapt to changes, after illness, injury or surgery.

A professional who works with an employee to help them return to work.

A system of light or no-touch movements that may turn blocked negative energy into positive energy.

The return of a disease after a period of improvement (remission). Also known as a recurrence.

Different techniques used to reduce muscle tension and stress.

When the signs and symptoms of the cancer reduce or disappear. This may not mean that the cancer is cured.

A blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney.

A funnel-shaped structure where the kidney and ureter meet.

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney.

Cancer that can be removed with surgery.

Surgical removal of part or all of a diseased organ or tumour.

A hospital doctor who has not undertaken specialist training.

Cancer that remains after treatment.

The ability to bounce back from unexpected changes and challenges.

A type of exercise using free weights, special elastic resistance bands, medicine balls, weight machines, or your own body weight to help strengthen muscles.

Alternative care arrangements that allow the carer and person with cancer a short break from usual care arrangements. The care can be given in a range of settings.

A condition where the semen travels backwards into the bladder, instead of forwards out of the penis.

Surgery to remove the lymph nodes from the abdomen. Also called lymphadenectomy.

Lymph nodes in the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the wall of the abdomen).

A document that sets out what needs to happen to help a person return to work after an injury or illness.

Recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone. A type of synthetic thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH). It is used to raise thyroid hormone levels before radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment, or before some follow-up tests after thyroid cancer treatment. Often known by the brand name Thyrogen.

The surgical removal of part or all of the nose.

How likely localised (early-stage) cancer is to grow and spread. The risk is classified as low, intermediate or high.

A form of surgery where the instruments are controlled by robotic arms guided by the surgeon.

When an implant breaks. This causes the contents of the implant to leak out.

Radioactive beads that are inserted into the liver in selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT).

A set of signs of myeloma used to help identify people who need treatment. The letters stand for the biomarkers: S=significant plasmacytosis (myeloma cells in bone marrow); Li=light chain ratio; M=MRI lesions (bone abnormalities found by MRI). Often combined with the CRAB criteria to form the SLiM–CRAB criteria.

A water and salt solution, which equals the body’s own fluids.

The watery substance released into the mouth from salivary ducts.

Small openings in the oral cavity that release saliva into the mouth. The ducts are connected to the salivary glands.

Glands where saliva is made. They include the parotid glands (in front of the ears), the submandibular glands (under the lower jaw) and the sublingual glands (under the tongue).

A treatment given after a cancer has not responded to other treatments, or any treatment given after cancer recurrence.

A cancer that starts in the bone or in the soft tissue under the skin.

Medicare’s recommended fee for a medical service.

Rigorous testing to prove something works or does not work. Clinical trials are a form of scientific evidence.

An organised program to identify disease in people before any symptoms appear.

The external pouch of skin behind the penis that contains the testicles.

Talking to another specialist to consider other treatment options or to confirm a recommended course of treatment.

Treatment that is given if the first line treatment doesn’t work or the disease comes back.

A cancer that has spread from a primary cancer in another part of the body. Also known as metastatic or advanced cancer.

A debt that is linked to (secured against) a particular asset. If you stop making payments, the lender may sell the secured asset to get its money back.

A drug that causes a state of calm.

Surgery to remove a small section of an organ.

A disruption of the normal electrical impulses in the brain, causing fits (convulsions) or other symptoms.

A type of internal radiation therapy used to treat liver cancers. Also called radioembolisation.

Working for yourself rather than for another person or company.

The fluid ejaculated from the penis during sexual climax (orgasm). It contains sperm from the testicles and fluids from the prostate and seminal vesicles.

Two small glands that lie very close to the prostate and produce fluid that forms part of semen.

A surgical procedure used to determine whether a cancer has spread from the primary site to the lymphatic system. The results can help with treatment planning.

The first lymph node that the cancer is likely to spread to from the original site.

A collection of fluid under a wound after an operation. Also called a lymphocele.

A test that can detect free light chains in the blood.

Penetrative intercourse and other activities such as oral sex, self-stimulation.

The ability for the body to respond and get turned on.

Wanting to have sex.

The phases of physical response during sexual arousal and intercourse. This may include arousal (excitement), desire, plateau, orgasm, resolution.

How people express themselves as sexual beings.

Unintended effect of a drug or treatment. Most side effects can be managed.

The section of the colon below the descending colon and above the rectum and anus.

A substance used to make implants and medical devices. It can be soft and durable to create a breast prosthesis, semi-solid to fill an implant, or tough to form the outer shell of an implant.

A type of breast implant filled with silicone gel.

A shallow bath in which only the hips and buttocks are immersed. Some are plastic bowls designed to fit on toilet seats.

A procedure where nearby skin or fatty tissue is pulled over the wound left by the removal of a melanoma or skin cancer and stitched.

A procedure where a layer of skin is removed from one part of the body and fixed over the wound left by the removal of a cancer or other lesion from the skin.

A type of mastectomy in which the whole of the skin of the breast, except the nipple and areola, is kept.

The surgical removal of part of the nasal cavity or sinuses. Also known as craniofacial resection.

A medicine that releases slowly and lasts 8–12 hours. Also known as sustained release medicine.

The middle part of the gastrointestinal tract, which takes food from the stomach and absorbs nutrients. It has three sections: the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Also known as the small intestine.

A group of targeted therapy drugs that can get inside cancer cells and block proteins that tell the cells to grow.

A red, scaly spot on the skin that is a sign of sun damage. Also called actinic or sunspot.

A single tumour formed in the bone or tissue by cancerous plasma cells.

A hormone that helps to control the production of insulin by the pancreas and gastrin by the stomach.

Medicines similar to the hormone somatostatin that are used to treat some neuroendocrine tumours.

A doctor with qualifications and skills in a particular branch of medicine.

A multidisciplinary team of health professionals specialising in palliative care. Offers services to improve the quality of life of people with a life-limiting illness.

An instrument used to hold the vagina open during an internal examination to see the vagina and cervix more clearly.

A health professional who helps with speech or swallowing difficulties.

The male sex cell. It is made in the testicles.

A pair of cord-like structures that run from the testicles to the abdomen. The spermatic cords contain tubes called vas deferens, as well as blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels.

The sinuses located behind the nose and between the eyes.

Strong muscles that form a valve. The urethral sphincter controls the release of urine from the body.

The portion of the central nervous system enclosed in the spinal column, consisting of nerve cells and bundles of nerves that connect all parts of the body with the brain.

A professional who offers emotional and spiritual care to patients and their families. Often part of the palliative care team and sometimes called a pastoral carer or chaplain.

Connection with a higher being or one’s inner self, which often brings comfort and understanding about the world, one’s place in it and the reasons behind life’s challenges. Also called spirituality.

Connection with a higher being or one’s inner self, which often brings comfort and understanding about the world, one’s place in it, and the reasons behind life’s challenges.

An organ in the lymphatic system located on the left side of the abdomen under the ribs. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, and destroys old blood cells, abnormal
cells and bacteria.

Surgery to remove the spleen.

Liquid coughed up from the lungs. Also known as phlegm.

Examination of sputum under a microscope to look for cancer cells.

A type of thin, flat cell found on the surface of the skin, in the lining of hollow organs, and in the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts.

The extent of a cancer and whether it has spread from the original site to other parts of the body.

Performing tests to work out how far a cancer has spread.

An official court document used to start a court case about a debt. You must respond to a statement of claim within a particular time frame.

A treatment in which diseased blood cells are destroyed by high-dose chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, then replaced by healthy stem cells. The healthy stem cells may come from the bone marrow (bone marrow transplant), from the bloodstream (peripheral blood stem cell transplant) or from umbilical cord blood (cord blood transplant).

Unspecialised cells from which mature cells develop. Stem cells are found in the bone marrow.

A metal or plastic tube placed into a blocked organ to create a passage for substances to pass through.

A type of radiation therapy that delivers high doses of precise radiation.

A type of external beam radiation therapy that deliver high doses of precise radiation.

A type of external beam radiation therapy that deliver high doses of precise radiation.

Surgery done using a computer to guide the surgeon.

Treatment with drugs to reduce inflammation, pain and swelling.

A class of drugs used during cancer treatment to reduce inflammation; treat the cancer; relieve nausea, pain and fatigue; and boost the appetite. Also called corticosteroids.

A surgically created opening to the outside of the body.

A bag or pouch used to cover a stoma and collect urine (wee or pee) or faeces (poo).

The hollow, muscular organ between the end of the oesophagus and the beginning of the small bowel that stores and breaks down food.

A registered nurse who specialises in caring for people with stomas.

The bulky mass of waste material that normally leaves the body through the anus. Also known as faeces or poo.

The connective tissue that supports the lining of the uterus (endometrium).

Injection under the skin.

One of the sets of major salivary glands. They are found under the tongue.

One of the sets of major salivary glands. They are found under the lower jaw.

A person who makes decisions on your behalf if you become incapable of making them yourself. The documents to appoint this person may be called an enduring power of attorney, an enduring power of guardianship, or appointment of enduring guardian or medical treatment decision-maker.

The surgical removal of part of the stomach.

A red, scaly spot on the skin that is a sign of sun damage. Also called actinic or solar keratosis.

Money that a person and their employer put into a special fund to provide the person with money to live on after they have retired.

All forms of care and support that aim to improve the quality of life of people living with cancer, their family and carers.

Medicine placed in the bottom (rectum).

A procedure performed by a surgeon to remove or repair a part of the body. Also known as an operation or surgical resection.

A doctor who specialises in the surgical treatment of cancer.

When a woman (a surrogate) carries a child and gives birth on behalf of someone else.

Regular check-ups for several years after the cancer is removed to make sure it hasn’t returned.

The proportion of patients diagnosed with the same disease who are still alive after a particular period of time.

A schedule for follow-up care and the identification and management of medical and psychosocial problems that may arise after treatment.

A change in the body that a patient feels or sees, caused by illness or treatment. Examples include pain, tiredness, rash and stomach-ache.

A substance made by chemical process to imitate a natural product.

Chemotherapy that circulates through the body.

Treatment that affects the whole body.

A type of lymphocyte (white blood cell) that helps the body fight invaders (antigens) by killing them directly or by helping B-cells make antibodies.

A type of staging system that describes how far the cancer has spread. T stands for tumour, N for lymph node and M for metastasis.

Part of traditional Chinese medicine, this exercise technique incorporates coordinated body movement, breathing techniques and meditation to create stability in the body.

Drugs that target specific features of cancer cells to stop the cancer growing and spreading.

The part of the brain responsible for understanding, language and memory.

An illness that is unlikely to be cured and will eventually result in a person’s death. It may also be known as a life-limiting illness.

A type of delirium featuring agitation that can occur near the end of life.

Two egg-shaped glands found in the scrotum. They produce sperm and testosterone. Also called testes.

Surgically removing sperm from testicular tissue.

The major male sex hormone. Testosterone is made by the testicles. A small amount is also made in the ovaries and helps increase sexual desire in females.

A breast reduction done at the same time as breast-conserving surgery.

A bodywork technique where the practitioner’s soothing touch calms the body by restoring the flow of energy.

Treatment that focuses directly on a tumour with the aim of destroying it but not actually removing it from the body.

A procedure in which a hollow needle is inserted between the ribs to drain excess fluid. Also called pleurocentesis or pleural tap.

Relating to the chest (thorax).

A procedure in which a thin tube with a tiny video camera is inserted into the chest through a small cut. Also called video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS).

Surgery in which a long cut is made in the chest to examine, biopsy and/or remove a tumour.

A common type of external beam radiation therapy that uses imaging scans to help plan treatment. A computer plans the treatment based on the location of the cancer. The radiation is then shaped (conformed) so that the cancer receives high doses of radiation, but surrounding tissues receive much less.

A low level of platelets. It can be a side effect of chemotherapy and makes you more prone to bleeding and bruising.

A part of the lymphatic system. It helps make the white blood cells called T-cells.

A protein made by both normal and cancerous thyroid cells. It can be measured in the bloodstream.

A butterfly-shaped gland at the base of the neck. It produces hormones to control the body’s metabolism and calcium levels.

A hormone that prompts the thyroid to produce and release the hormones T3 and T4. The pituitary and hypothalamus glands produce TSH.

The surgical removal of the thyroid. Also called a total thyroidectomy.

Benign inflammation of the thyroid.

One of the hormones produced by the thyroid that regulates the body’s metabolism. T4 can be converted by the liver and kidneys into a hormone called tri-iodothyronine (T3).

A collection of cells of similar type that make up a part of the body.

A secure place where body tissue, such as blood, is stored for future research.

When people donate their tissue for research in the future.

An inflatable implant inserted under the skin where the breast was. It is slowly stretched with regular injections of saline until it is the same size as the natural breast. The expander is later removed and replaced with a permanent implant.

When the body no longer responds to a drug, so a higher dose is needed to get the same level of pain control.

Small masses of tissue on either side of the back of the mouth that help fight infection.

Chemotherapy that is applied to an area of the skin as a cream or lotion.

Treatment that is applied to an area of the skin as a cream or gel.

Low dose radiation therapy to the whole body to kill cancer cells before a stem cell transplant.

The surgical removal of the whole stomach.

The surgical removal of the uterus and cervix. See also hysterectomy.

The removal of the entire pancreas. The spleen, gall bladder, bile duct, part of the stomach and small bowel, and nearby lymph nodes are often removed at the same time.

The study of poisonous substances. It is a branch of pharmacology.

The airway that brings inhaled air from the nose and mouth into the lungs.

The surgical removal of the cervix and some surrounding tissue.

A surgically created opening between the trachea (windpipe) and oesophagus (food pipe) to create a low-pitched voice.

Surgery to make a hole at the base of the neck into the trachea (windpipe). A tracheostomy tube will be inserted into this hole to keep it open and allow you to breathe freely.

A broad system of holistic health care originating in Asia. It is based on the belief that vital energy known as qi flows through the body’s meridians (channels). This keeps a person’s
spiritual, emotional and physical health in balance. TCM includes therapies such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, acupressure, qi gong and tai chi.

A term used by complementary therapists to mean old systems of medicine that are passed down through the ages. Medical practitioners may use the term to mean mainstream (conventional) medicine that is practised in hospitals today.

A term for a person whose gender identity does not match their birth sex.

Removing part of the cancer using an endoscope inserted into the anus.

Removing part of the cancer using an instrument inserted into the anus.

A treatment that injects chemotherapy directly into a tumour. This closes off the blood vessels so the cancer is starved of oxygen and nutrients.

The area in the cervix where the squamous and glandular cells meet.

The process of transferring body fluids (such as blood) from one person into another.

Research that fast-tracks results from basic research with the aim of getting new treatments into clinical practice.

Surgery using a microscope with a laser to remove a tumour through the mouth.

Surgery to remove a tumour through the mouth using surgical instruments attached to robotic arms.

An ultrasound using a probe that is inserted through the skin between the anus and the scrotum.

When a diseased organ is removed and replaced by a healthy organ that has been given by a donor.

An ultrasound using a probe that is inserted into the rectum.

The most common type of surgery for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. A cystoscope is used to remove the tumour through the urethra.

A surgical procedure to remove tissue from the prostate that is restricting the flow of urine.

A test that uses soundwaves to create pictures of the uterus, ovaries and other female reproductive organs.

The section of the colon between the ascending and descending colon.

A type of breast reconstruction that uses the transverse rectus abdominis muscle together with skin and fat to create a new breast shape.

The muscles of the upper back.

A detailed plan of a treatment. It outlines the drugs to be used, their dosage, the frequency, duration and side effects.

A trial that tests a new or modified treatment.

The removal of a bone tissue sample using a needle.

One of the hormones that regulates the body’s metabolism. A small amount is made by the thyroid, but it is mainly produced when the liver and kidneys convert T4 into T3.

The muscles on the back of the arm between the elbow and the shoulder.

The use of three different types of treatment: chemotherapy, surgery and radiation therapy.

A breast cancer that does not have receptors for the hormones oestrogen or progesterone or for the growth factor HER2, which are all known to fuel breast cancer growth.

Difficulty opening the mouth fully, with usually less than 2 cm between top and bottom teeth.

The central part of the body, not including the head, neck, arms and legs.

A company or person appointed to manage your bankruptcy.

A new or abnormal growth of tissue on or in the body. A tumour may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).

Treatment that focuses directly on a tumour with the aim of destroying it but not actually removing it from the body.

A chemical produced by cancer cells and released into the blood. It may suggest the presence of a tumour in the body. Markers can be found by blood tests or by testing tumour samples.

When a tumour is surgically removed from one lobe of the liver, then after a period of recovery and liver regrowth, another tumour is surgically removed from the other lobe of the liver.

A type of implant reconstruction completed over two separate operations.

When the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or does not use it properly.

A chemical messenger that tells cells when to divide and grow.

A targeted therapy drug that blocks the protein tyrosine kinase.

An international standard measure of the intensity of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation.

The breakdown or loss of the outer layer of skin.

A scan that uses soundwaves to create a picture of part of the body.

The part of sunlight that causes tanning, sunburn and skin damage. It is also produced by solariums (also called tanning beds or sun lamps). UV radiation cannot be seen or felt.

A person who is still under the period of their bankruptcy. They have obligations to their trustee and have various restrictions on their conduct.

When an employee’s dismissal is considered harsh, unjust or unreasonable.

When a person’s employment is unlawfully ended by their employer for one of a number of reasons, including absence from work because of illness.

A health care provider who is not legally required to be registered with a government registration board. Also known as general health service provider.

Not able to be removed with surgery.

A debt that is not linked to a particular asset. If you stop making repayments, there is no particular asset the lender can take and sell.

A test using a thin tube with a light and camera (ureteroscope) to examine the ureters.

The two tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. For males, the urethra also carries semen.

Checking a sample of urine for cancer cells.

A surgical procedure to make a new way for urine to leave the body.

The system that removes wastes from the blood and expels them from the body in urine. It includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

Liquid waste from the body. Also known as wee or pee.

A surgeon who treats diseases of the male and female urinary system and the male reproductive system.

A procedure that creates a small passageway from a piece of bowel to carry urine from the ureters to an opening (stoma) on the abdomen wall. It takes the place of the bladder. Urine drains from the stoma into a bag on the outside of the body.

Cells that line many organs, including the bladder and ureters. Also called transitional cells.

The inner lining of the bladder and other parts of the urinary system.

A hollow muscular organ in a woman’s lower abdomen in which a baby grows during pregnancy. Also called the womb.

A small piece of soft tissue hanging down from the soft palate above the throat.

A type of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour that produces a hormone-like substance called vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP).

A muscular canal that extends from the entrance of the uterus to the vulva (the outside of a female’s genitals).

A cylinder-shaped device used to keep the vagina open and supple.

A condition of the vagina that can develop into vaginal cancer if untreated.

Narrowing of the vagina. It may be caused by radiation therapy to the pelvic area or by vaginal surgery.

An operation that removes some or all of the vagina.

A spasm in the vaginal or pelvic muscles that may prevent sexual intercourse.

An operation to create a new vagina using skin and muscle from other parts of the body. Also called a vaginal reconstruction.

An examination of the vagina with a colposcope, a magnifying instrument with a bright light.

A vessel in which essential oils are placed above a flame or other heat source to release the aroma.

Tubes that carry the sperm from the testes to the prostate.

A large vein that carries blood to the heart.

The bones or segments of the spinal column that protect the spinal cord.

Keyhole surgery performed through small cuts in the chest using a thoracoscope for guidance.

Hard exercise that can usually only be done for short periods of time.

A medical imaging procedure that uses a CT scanner to create and display images of the colon and rectum.

The inner layer of peritoneum that lines the surface of the organs in the abdomen and pelvis.

The inner layer of the pleura that lines the lung surface.

Guided imagery.

The life force within the body that contributes to people’s health and wellbeing. It is stimulated by nourishing foods or medicines, mind–body techniques and body-based practices.

Measurements of the body’s temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate and blood oxygen levels. These indicate the state of essential body functions.

Essential substances found in food. The body needs vitamins to burn energy, repair tissue, assist metabolism and fight infection.

The part of the larynx that vibrates to make sounds needed for speech. See also glottis.

A type of external beam radiation therapy in which the radiation machine rotates around the treatment area while continuously delivering x-ray beams to deliver an exceptionally accurate dose to the targeted area of the body.

When a person with an incurable condition or illness chooses to end their life and uses medicines specially prescribed by a health practitioner. It is legal in Victoria and Western Australia for people who meet all the strict conditions. The law has recently changed in Tasmania and South Australia, but voluntary assisted dying is illegal until the laws begin. It is illegal in all other states and territories.

A female’s external sexual organs (genitals).

A condition that occurs in the skin of the vulva and can develop into vulvar cancer if untreated.

A non-cancerous condition affecting the skin in the vulvar area.

A non-cancerous condition affecting the skin in the vulvar area.

Removal of some or all of the outer sex organs (the vulva). In a partial vulvectomy, part of the vulva is removed; in a radical vulvectomy, the entire vulva is removed.

An examination of the vulva using a colposcope, a magnifying instrument with a bright light.

Material remaining after food has been digested that normally leaves the body through the anus. Known as faeces, stools or poo when it leaves the body.

Monitoring cancer that is not causing problems, with a view to starting treatment if needed.

Seeking good physical, mental, spiritual, emotional and social wellbeing, not just the absence of disease.

The use of herbs – mainly from Europe – to correct imbalances in the body and bring it back into a state of health. Herbalists prepare individual blends of herbs to address a range of symptoms.

Surgery to remove the head of the pancreas and surrounding structures. Also called a Whipple operation, Whipple surgery or pancreaticoduodenectomy.

One of the three main types of cells in the blood. They help fight infection. Types include neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. Also called leucocytes.

Complete systems of theory and practice that have evolved in different cultures. Includes naturopathy, traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurvedic medicine and homeopathy.

A surgical procedure to remove a cancer and some healthy tissue around it.

A range of symptoms that occur when a drug is stopped suddenly.

A person with paid employment who also provides unpaid physical, practical and/or emotional support to someone who has an illness or disability.

A test that uses a low dose of radiation to create images of areas inside the body. Also, the type of radiation used in this test, in CT scans and in most radiation therapy.

Dry mouth.

An ancient Asian concept of balance used in traditional Chinese medicine. It is believed that everything is made up of opposite forces that complement each other and must be kept in
balance. Yin represents coolness, gentleness and darkness; Yang represents heat, strength and light.

An exercise technique originating from India that focuses on breathing, stretching, strengthening and relaxation. There are many different types of yoga.